Heuristics (from the Greek word meaning to discover) are any approach to a problem solving or self-discovery that uses
shortcuts to produce good-enough solutions given in a limited time frame or
deadline. In other words, it employs a practical method that is not guaranteed
to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but is
nevertheless sufficient for reaching an immediate, short-term goal or approximation. Where finding an optimal solution is impossible or
impractical, heuristic methods can be used to speed up the process of finding a
satisfactory solution. We can say that heuristics are a flexibility
technique for quick decisions, particularly when working with complex
data.
Heuristics can be mental shortcuts that ease the cognitive load of making a decision. In simpler words, heuristics are conclusions we
addopt from previous experiences we had with similar problems. We can use this
approach of problem solving in human beings, machines and abstract issues. We
usually use it if:
▲
we are having difficulty understanding a
problem, we try drawing a picture.
▲
we can't find a solution, we try
assuming that we have a solution and seeing what we can derive from that
("working backward").
▲
the problem is abstract, we try
examining a concrete example.
▲ we try
solving a more general problem first (the "inventor's
paradox": the more ambitious plan may have more chances
of success).